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地址:河北保定唐縣北店頭東楊莊經濟開發區
郵箱:736703221@qq.com
- 假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)具有(you)多(duo)方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)功能,如構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)或地(di)(di)形骨架(jia),劃分和(he)(he)組(zu)織園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)空間,布置庭院、駁岸、護坡(po)、擋土(tu),設置自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)式(shi)花(hua)臺。還可(ke)以與園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)建 筑(zhu)(zhu)、園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)路、場地(di)(di)和(he)(he)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)植物(wu)(wu)組(zu)合成(cheng)(cheng)富(fu)于變(bian)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)致,借以減少(shao)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)氣氛(fen),增添自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)生趣,使園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)建筑(zhu)(zhu)融匯到山(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)環境中(zhong)。因(yin)(yin)此,假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)表(biao)(biao)現中(zhong)國自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征 之一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。 中(zhong)國園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)式(shi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin),追求天然(ran)(ran)(ran)之趣是(shi)中(zhong)國園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本特(te)征。在造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)掇石疊山(shan)(shan)(shan)被列為(wei)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)要(yao)(yao)素(su)。由于私(si)家園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)空間的(de)(de)(de)(de)局限性,這(zhe)就要(yao)(yao)求造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)者(zhe)充(chong)分利用(yong)空間造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)出(chu)咫尺山(shan)(shan)(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意境。 水(shui)(shui)(shui)以山(shan)(shan)(shan)為(wei)面,水(shui)(shui)(shui)得(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)而(er)媚;山(shan)(shan)(shan)者(zhe),天地(di)(di)之骨也。因(yin)(yin)而(er),造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)必(bi)須(xu)有(you)山(shan)(shan)(shan),無(wu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)難以成(cheng)(cheng)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)往往選址于自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)佳(jia)境,外(wai)(wai)借自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)成(cheng)(cheng)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing);私(si)家園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)往往建在村鎮人(ren)口密(mi)集之處,無(wu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)可(ke)借 ,只得(de)(de)掇石疊山(shan)(shan)(shan)。因(yin)(yin)而(er),私(si)家園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)往往在不太大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)空間范(fan)圍內,再現自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)之美,有(you)不落人(ren)工(gong)(gong)斧鑿痕(hen)跡,達到“雖由人(ren)作,宛自(zi)(zi)天開”,在咫尺之地(di)(di),創造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)出(chu) “多(duo)方勝景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),咫尺山(shan)(shan)(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)藝術。故(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)是(shi)構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)國園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)五大(da)要(yao)(yao)素(su)之一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),五大(da)要(yao)(yao)素(su)(疊山(shan)(shan)(shan)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),理水(shui)(shui)(shui)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),建筑(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),花(hua)木造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),動物(wu)(wu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))。正(zheng)如計成(cheng)(cheng)所 說(shuo):“余(yu)七(qi)分之地(di)(di),為(wei)壘土(tu)者(zhe)四,高卑無(wu)論(lun),栽竹相(xiang)宜”(《園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)冶》卷(juan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi))。 正(zheng)是(shi)這(zhe)些特(te)性,才(cai)表(biao)(biao)達出(chu)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)窮(qiong)魅(mei)力(li)。作為(wei)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)中(zhong)獨特(te)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing) ——山(shan)(shan)(shan)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),與水(shui)(shui)(shui)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)樣有(you)著(zhu)它(ta)獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)觀賞價值。從我國現存的(de)(de)(de)(de)皇家園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)到私(si)家園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin),無(wu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)例外(wai)(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)都(dou)有(you)假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)堆筑(zhu)(zhu),石質(zhi)假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)和(he)(he)土(tu)質(zhi)假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)堆筑(zhu)(zhu),以它(ta)特(te)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)美的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式(shi) 表(biao)(biao)達出(chu)來。在自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)式(shi)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)中(zhong)占(zhan)據著(zhu)重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)位(wei)。它(ta)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)形多(duo)樣,易(yi)于和(he)(he)周圍景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)物(wu)(wu)協調統一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),同時它(ta)靈活,巧于變(bian)化,豐富(fu)了(le)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)觀,增加了(le)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)空間和(he)(he)層次感。假(jia) 山(shan)(shan)(shan)堆筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)好壞直接(jie)影響著(zhu)全園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)觀。假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)堆筑(zhu)(zhu)與風景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關系是(shi)值得(de)(de)每個設計者(zhe)和(he)(he)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)家耗費精力(li)、氣力(li)去追求、探討的(de)(de)(de)(de)課題(ti)。
- 假山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)具有(you)多(duo)方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)功能,如構(gou)成園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)或地(di)形骨架,劃分和(he)組織園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)空(kong)(kong)間,布置庭院、駁岸、護坡、擋土(tu),設置自(zi)(zi)然式(shi)花臺。還可以(yi)(yi)與(yu)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)建(jian) 筑(zhu)(zhu)、園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)路、場(chang)地(di)和(he)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)植物(wu)組合成富于變(bian)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)致,借以(yi)(yi)減少人工氣氛,增添自(zi)(zi)然生趣,使園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)融匯到山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)環(huan)境中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。因此,假山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)成為表現(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國自(zi)(zi)然山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征 之一(yi)。 中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)是一(yi)種自(zi)(zi)然式(shi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin),追(zhui)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)天然之趣是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本特(te)征。在(zai)(zai)造(zao)(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)掇石疊山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)被列為造(zao)(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)要(yao)素(su)。由于私(si)家(jia)(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)空(kong)(kong)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局(ju)限性(xing),這就(jiu)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)者(zhe)充分利用空(kong)(kong)間造(zao)(zao)(zao)出(chu)咫尺山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意境。 水(shui)(shui)以(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)為面,水(shui)(shui)得(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)而(er)媚;山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)者(zhe),天地(di)之骨也。因而(er),造(zao)(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)必(bi)須(xu)有(you)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),無(wu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)難以(yi)(yi)成園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。自(zi)(zi)然園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)選址于自(zi)(zi)然山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)佳境,外(wai)(wai)借自(zi)(zi)然山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)成景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing);私(si)家(jia)(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)建(jian)在(zai)(zai)村鎮(zhen)人口密集之處,無(wu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)可借 ,只得(de)掇石疊山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)。因而(er),私(si)家(jia)(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)在(zai)(zai)不太大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)間范圍內,再現(xian)自(zi)(zi)然山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)之美,有(you)不落(luo)人工斧鑿痕跡,達到“雖由人作(zuo)(zuo),宛自(zi)(zi)天開”,在(zai)(zai)咫尺之地(di),創(chuang)造(zao)(zao)(zao)出(chu) “多(duo)方勝景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),咫尺山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)藝(yi)術。故山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)是構(gou)成中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)五大要(yao)素(su)之一(yi),五大要(yao)素(su)(疊山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)造(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),理水(shui)(shui)造(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),花木(mu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),動物(wu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))。正(zheng)如計成所(suo) 說:“余七分之地(di),為壘土(tu)者(zhe)四,高卑無(wu)論(lun),栽(zai)竹相宜(yi)”(《園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)冶》卷(juan)一(yi))。 正(zheng)是這些(xie)特(te)性(xing),才(cai)表達出(chu)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)窮魅力(li)。作(zuo)(zuo)為園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)獨特(te)一(yi)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing) ——山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),與(yu)水(shui)(shui)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)一(yi)樣有(you)著(zhu)(zhu)它(ta)獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀賞價值(zhi)。從我國現(xian)存的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)皇家(jia)(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)到私(si)家(jia)(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin),無(wu)一(yi)例外(wai)(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)都有(you)假山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)堆(dui)筑(zhu)(zhu),石質假山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)和(he)土(tu)質假山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)堆(dui)筑(zhu)(zhu),以(yi)(yi)它(ta)特(te)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式(shi) 表達出(chu)來。在(zai)(zai)自(zi)(zi)然式(shi)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)占據著(zhu)(zhu)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)位(wei)。它(ta)造(zao)(zao)(zao)形多(duo)樣,易于和(he)周圍景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)物(wu)協(xie)調統一(yi),同時它(ta)靈活,巧(qiao)于變(bian)化,豐(feng)富了園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)觀,增加(jia)了園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)空(kong)(kong)間和(he)層次(ci)感(gan)。假 山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)堆(dui)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好壞(huai)直接影響(xiang)著(zhu)(zhu)全園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)觀。假山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)堆(dui)筑(zhu)(zhu)與(yu)風景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系是值(zhi)得(de)每個設計者(zhe)和(he)造(zao)(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)家(jia)(jia)耗費精力(li)、氣力(li)去(qu)追(zhui)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)、探討(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)課題。
- 假(jia)山(shan)(shan)具有(you)(you)多(duo)方面的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)功能,如(ru)構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)主景(jing)(jing)(jing)或(huo)地(di)形骨(gu)架,劃分和(he)(he)(he)組(zu)織園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間,布置庭院、駁岸、護(hu)坡、擋(dang)土(tu),設置自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)式花(hua)臺。還可(ke)以與(yu)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)建(jian)(jian) 筑、園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)路、場地(di)和(he)(he)(he)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)植(zhi)物組(zu)合成(cheng)(cheng)富于(yu)變化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)景(jing)(jing)(jing)致,借(jie)(jie)以減少人(ren)(ren)工(gong)氣(qi)(qi)氛,增(zeng)添(tian)自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)生趣(qu),使園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)建(jian)(jian)筑融匯(hui)到(dao)山(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。因此,假(jia)山(shan)(shan)成(cheng)(cheng)為表(biao)(biao)現中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)山(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)征 之(zhi)一。 中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)是(shi)一種(zhong)自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)式山(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin),追(zhui)(zhui)求(qiu)(qiu)天(tian)然(ran)(ran)之(zhi)趣(qu)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本特(te)征。在(zai)造(zao)(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)掇石(shi)疊山(shan)(shan)被(bei)列(lie)為造(zao)(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)第一要(yao)(yao)素。由于(yu)私(si)(si)家(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間的(de)(de)(de)局限性,這(zhe)就要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)者充分利(li)用空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間造(zao)(zao)(zao)出(chu)咫(zhi)尺(chi)山(shan)(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)意境(jing)(jing)。 水(shui)(shui)(shui)以山(shan)(shan)為面,水(shui)(shui)(shui)得山(shan)(shan)而媚;山(shan)(shan)者,天(tian)地(di)之(zhi)骨(gu)也。因而,造(zao)(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)必須(xu)有(you)(you)山(shan)(shan),無(wu)山(shan)(shan)難以成(cheng)(cheng)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)選址(zhi)于(yu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)山(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)佳境(jing)(jing),外(wai)借(jie)(jie)自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)山(shan)(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)成(cheng)(cheng)景(jing)(jing)(jing);私(si)(si)家(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)建(jian)(jian)在(zai)村鎮人(ren)(ren)口(kou)密集之(zhi)處,無(wu)山(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)可(ke)借(jie)(jie) ,只得掇石(shi)疊山(shan)(shan)。因而,私(si)(si)家(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)在(zai)不(bu)太大(da)的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間范(fan)圍(wei)內,再現自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)山(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)之(zhi)美(mei),有(you)(you)不(bu)落人(ren)(ren)工(gong)斧鑿痕(hen)跡,達到(dao)“雖由人(ren)(ren)作(zuo),宛(wan)自(zi)(zi)(zi)天(tian)開”,在(zai)咫(zhi)尺(chi)之(zhi)地(di),創造(zao)(zao)(zao)出(chu) “多(duo)方勝(sheng)景(jing)(jing)(jing),咫(zhi)尺(chi)山(shan)(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)”的(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)藝術。故山(shan)(shan)景(jing)(jing)(jing)是(shi)構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)五大(da)要(yao)(yao)素之(zhi)一,五大(da)要(yao)(yao)素(疊山(shan)(shan)造(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing),理水(shui)(shui)(shui)造(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing),建(jian)(jian)筑造(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing),花(hua)木造(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing),動物造(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing))。正(zheng)如(ru)計(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)所 說:“余七(qi)分之(zhi)地(di),為壘土(tu)者四,高卑(bei)無(wu)論,栽竹(zhu)相(xiang)宜”(《園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)冶(ye)》卷一)。 正(zheng)是(shi)這(zhe)些特(te)性,才(cai)表(biao)(biao)達出(chu)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)景(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)窮魅力(li)。作(zuo)為園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)獨特(te)一景(jing)(jing)(jing) ——山(shan)(shan)景(jing)(jing)(jing),與(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)景(jing)(jing)(jing)一樣(yang)(yang)有(you)(you)著它(ta)(ta)獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)賞價(jia)值。從我國(guo)現存的(de)(de)(de)皇家(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)到(dao)私(si)(si)家(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin),無(wu)一例外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)都有(you)(you)假(jia)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)堆(dui)筑,石(shi)質(zhi)假(jia)山(shan)(shan)和(he)(he)(he)土(tu)質(zhi)假(jia)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)堆(dui)筑,以它(ta)(ta)特(te)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)美(mei)的(de)(de)(de)方式 表(biao)(biao)達出(chu)來(lai)。在(zai)自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)式園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)占據著重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)位。它(ta)(ta)造(zao)(zao)(zao)形多(duo)樣(yang)(yang),易于(yu)和(he)(he)(he)周圍(wei)景(jing)(jing)(jing)物協(xie)調統一,同時它(ta)(ta)靈活,巧(qiao)于(yu)變化(hua),豐富了園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)景(jing)(jing)(jing)觀(guan),增(zeng)加了園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間和(he)(he)(he)層次感。假(jia) 山(shan)(shan)堆(dui)筑的(de)(de)(de)好(hao)壞直接影響著全園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)景(jing)(jing)(jing)觀(guan)。假(jia)山(shan)(shan)堆(dui)筑與(yu)風(feng)景(jing)(jing)(jing)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系是(shi)值得每個設計(ji)者和(he)(he)(he)造(zao)(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)家(jia)耗費精力(li)、氣(qi)(qi)力(li)去追(zhui)(zhui)求(qiu)(qiu)、探討(tao)的(de)(de)(de)課題。
- 假山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)具有多(duo)方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)功能,如構成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)景(jing)(jing)(jing)或地(di)(di)(di)形骨架,劃分和(he)組織園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)空間(jian),布置(zhi)庭院、駁岸、護(hu)坡、擋土,設置(zhi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)式花臺。還可以(yi)(yi)與園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)建 筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)路、場地(di)(di)(di)和(he)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)植物組合成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)富于(yu)(yu)變化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)景(jing)(jing)(jing)致,借(jie)以(yi)(yi)減少人(ren)工氣氛(fen),增添(tian)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)生趣(qu),使園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融匯(hui)到(dao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)環境(jing)中(zhong)。因(yin)此(ci),假山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)表(biao)(biao)(biao)現中(zhong)國(guo)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特征(zheng) 之(zhi)一(yi)。 中(zhong)國(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)是一(yi)種自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)式山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin),追求天然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)之(zhi)趣(qu)是中(zhong)國(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本特征(zheng)。在(zai)造(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)掇(duo)石(shi)疊(die)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)被列為(wei)(wei)造(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)要(yao)(yao)素。由(you)于(yu)(yu)私(si)家園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)空間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局限性,這就要(yao)(yao)求造(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)者(zhe)充分利用空間(jian)造(zao)(zao)出(chu)咫尺山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)林(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意境(jing)。 水(shui)(shui)以(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)為(wei)(wei)面,水(shui)(shui)得山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)而媚;山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)者(zhe),天地(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)骨也。因(yin)而,造(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)必(bi)須有山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),無(wu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)難以(yi)(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)往(wang)(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)(wang)選址(zhi)于(yu)(yu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)佳境(jing),外(wai)(wai)借(jie)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)林(lin)(lin)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)景(jing)(jing)(jing);私(si)家園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)往(wang)(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)(wang)建在(zai)村鎮人(ren)口密集之(zhi)處,無(wu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)可借(jie) ,只得掇(duo)石(shi)疊(die)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)。因(yin)而,私(si)家園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)往(wang)(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)(wang)在(zai)不太大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空間(jian)范圍內,再現自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)之(zhi)美,有不落人(ren)工斧鑿痕跡,達(da)(da)(da)到(dao)“雖由(you)人(ren)作(zuo),宛自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)天開”,在(zai)咫尺之(zhi)地(di)(di)(di),創造(zao)(zao)出(chu) “多(duo)方勝(sheng)景(jing)(jing)(jing),咫尺山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)林(lin)(lin)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)藝(yi)術。故山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)景(jing)(jing)(jing)是構成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)國(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)五大要(yao)(yao)素之(zhi)一(yi),五大要(yao)(yao)素(疊(die)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)造(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing),理水(shui)(shui)造(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing),建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing),花木造(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing),動物造(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing))。正如計(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)所 說(shuo):“余七分之(zhi)地(di)(di)(di),為(wei)(wei)壘土者(zhe)四,高卑無(wu)論,栽(zai)竹相宜(yi)”(《園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)冶(ye)》卷一(yi))。 正是這些特性,才表(biao)(biao)(biao)達(da)(da)(da)出(chu)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)景(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)窮(qiong)魅力。作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)中(zhong)獨特一(yi)景(jing)(jing)(jing) ——山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)景(jing)(jing)(jing),與水(shui)(shui)景(jing)(jing)(jing)一(yi)樣(yang)有著(zhu)(zhu)它(ta)(ta)獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)賞價值。從我國(guo)現存的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)皇家園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)到(dao)私(si)家園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin),無(wu)一(yi)例(li)外(wai)(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)都有假山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)堆(dui)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),石(shi)質假山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)和(he)土質假山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)堆(dui)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),以(yi)(yi)它(ta)(ta)特有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式 表(biao)(biao)(biao)達(da)(da)(da)出(chu)來。在(zai)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)式園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)中(zhong)占據(ju)著(zhu)(zhu)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)位(wei)。它(ta)(ta)造(zao)(zao)形多(duo)樣(yang),易于(yu)(yu)和(he)周圍景(jing)(jing)(jing)物協(xie)調統(tong)一(yi),同時它(ta)(ta)靈活,巧于(yu)(yu)變化,豐富了園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)景(jing)(jing)(jing)觀(guan),增加了園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)空間(jian)和(he)層次感(gan)。假 山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)堆(dui)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好壞直接影響著(zhu)(zhu)全園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)景(jing)(jing)(jing)觀(guan)。假山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)堆(dui)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)與風景(jing)(jing)(jing)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)是值得每個(ge)設計(ji)者(zhe)和(he)造(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)家耗費精力、氣力去追求、探討的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)課題。
- 假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)具有(you)多方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)功能,如構成(cheng)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)主景(jing)(jing)(jing)或地(di)形骨架,劃分和組織(zhi)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian),布(bu)置庭院、駁(bo)岸、護坡、擋土(tu),設(she)置自(zi)(zi)然(ran)式(shi)花(hua)臺。還可(ke)以(yi)(yi)與(yu)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)建(jian)(jian)(jian) 筑、園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)路、場地(di)和園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)組合成(cheng)富于(yu)變化的(de)(de)(de)景(jing)(jing)(jing)致,借(jie)以(yi)(yi)減少人工氣(qi)氛,增添自(zi)(zi)然(ran)生趣,使園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑融匯(hui)到山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)環境中(zhong)。因(yin)此(ci),假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)成(cheng)為表(biao)(biao)現中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)征(zheng) 之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。 中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種自(zi)(zi)然(ran)式(shi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin),追求天然(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)趣是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)基本特(te)征(zheng)。在(zai)造(zao)(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)掇石(shi)疊山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)被列為造(zao)(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)要素(su)(su)。由于(yu)私(si)家園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)局(ju)限(xian)性(xing),這就要求造(zao)(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)者(zhe)(zhe)充分利(li)用空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)(zao)出(chu)(chu)咫(zhi)尺(chi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)林(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)意境。 水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)以(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)為面,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)得山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)而(er)媚;山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)者(zhe)(zhe),天地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)骨也。因(yin)而(er),造(zao)(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)必須有(you)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),無(wu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)難以(yi)(yi)成(cheng)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。自(zi)(zi)然(ran)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)往(wang)往(wang)選址(zhi)于(yu)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)佳境,外(wai)借(jie)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)林(lin)(lin)成(cheng)景(jing)(jing)(jing);私(si)家園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)往(wang)往(wang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)在(zai)村鎮人口密集之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處,無(wu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)可(ke)借(jie) ,只得掇石(shi)疊山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)。因(yin)而(er),私(si)家園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)往(wang)往(wang)在(zai)不太(tai)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)范圍(wei)內,再現自(zi)(zi)然(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)美,有(you)不落人工斧鑿痕跡,達到“雖(sui)由人作,宛自(zi)(zi)天開”,在(zai)咫(zhi)尺(chi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di),創造(zao)(zao)(zao)出(chu)(chu) “多方(fang)勝景(jing)(jing)(jing),咫(zhi)尺(chi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)林(lin)(lin)”的(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)藝術。故山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)景(jing)(jing)(jing)是(shi)構成(cheng)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)五大(da)(da)要素(su)(su)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),五大(da)(da)要素(su)(su)(疊山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)造(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing),理水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)造(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing),建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑造(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing),花(hua)木(mu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing),動物(wu)(wu)(wu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing))。正如計(ji)成(cheng)所(suo) 說:“余七分之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di),為壘(lei)土(tu)者(zhe)(zhe)四,高卑(bei)無(wu)論,栽竹相宜(yi)”(《園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)冶》卷一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi))。 正是(shi)這些特(te)性(xing),才表(biao)(biao)達出(chu)(chu)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)景(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)窮魅(mei)力。作為園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)中(zhong)獨特(te)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)景(jing)(jing)(jing) ——山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)景(jing)(jing)(jing),與(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)景(jing)(jing)(jing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)樣有(you)著(zhu)它(ta)(ta)獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)(guan)賞價值(zhi)。從我國(guo)(guo)現存的(de)(de)(de)皇家園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)到私(si)家園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin),無(wu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)例外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)都有(you)假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)堆(dui)筑,石(shi)質(zhi)假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)和土(tu)質(zhi)假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)堆(dui)筑,以(yi)(yi)它(ta)(ta)特(te)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)美的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi) 表(biao)(biao)達出(chu)(chu)來。在(zai)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)式(shi)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)中(zhong)占據(ju)著(zhu)重要的(de)(de)(de)地(di)位。它(ta)(ta)造(zao)(zao)(zao)形多樣,易于(yu)和周圍(wei)景(jing)(jing)(jing)物(wu)(wu)(wu)協調統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),同時(shi)它(ta)(ta)靈活,巧(qiao)于(yu)變化,豐(feng)富了園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)景(jing)(jing)(jing)觀(guan)(guan),增加了園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)和層次感。假(jia) 山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)堆(dui)筑的(de)(de)(de)好壞直接影(ying)響著(zhu)全園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)景(jing)(jing)(jing)觀(guan)(guan)。假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)堆(dui)筑與(yu)風景(jing)(jing)(jing)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)關系是(shi)值(zhi)得每(mei)個設(she)計(ji)者(zhe)(zhe)和造(zao)(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)家耗費精力、氣(qi)力去追求、探討(tao)的(de)(de)(de)課題。
- 假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)具有多(duo)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)功能,如(ru)構成園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)或地形(xing)骨架,劃分和(he)組織園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)空(kong)間(jian),布置(zhi)(zhi)庭院(yuan)、駁(bo)岸、護(hu)坡、擋土,設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)式(shi)(shi)(shi)花(hua)臺。還可(ke)(ke)以與(yu)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)建 筑(zhu)、園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)路、場(chang)地和(he)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)組合成富于(yu)變化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)致,借以減少人(ren)工氣(qi)氛,增(zeng)添自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)生趣,使園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)建筑(zhu)融匯到(dao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)環境中(zhong)。因此,假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)成為(wei)表現中(zhong)國自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特征 之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。 中(zhong)國園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)是一(yi)(yi)種自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)式(shi)(shi)(shi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin),追求(qiu)天然(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)趣是中(zhong)國園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)特征。在(zai)造(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)掇(duo)石疊山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)被列(lie)為(wei)造(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)(yi)要(yao)素。由(you)于(yu)私(si)(si)家園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)空(kong)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局限性,這就要(yao)求(qiu)造(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)者(zhe)(zhe)充分利用空(kong)間(jian)造(zao)(zao)出(chu)(chu)咫(zhi)尺山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意境。 水(shui)(shui)以山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)為(wei)面(mian),水(shui)(shui)得山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)而媚;山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)者(zhe)(zhe),天地之(zhi)(zhi)骨也。因而,造(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)必須有山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),無(wu)(wu)(wu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)難(nan)以成園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)選址(zhi)于(yu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)佳境,外(wai)(wai)借自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)成景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing);私(si)(si)家園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)建在(zai)村鎮人(ren)口密集之(zhi)(zhi)處,無(wu)(wu)(wu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)可(ke)(ke)借 ,只(zhi)得掇(duo)石疊山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)。因而,私(si)(si)家園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)在(zai)不太大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間(jian)范圍內,再(zai)現自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)美,有不落人(ren)工斧鑿痕(hen)跡,達(da)到(dao)“雖(sui)由(you)人(ren)作,宛(wan)自(zi)(zi)(zi)天開”,在(zai)咫(zhi)尺之(zhi)(zhi)地,創(chuang)造(zao)(zao)出(chu)(chu) “多(duo)方(fang)勝景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),咫(zhi)尺山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)藝(yi)術(shu)。故(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)是構成中(zhong)國園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)五(wu)(wu)大(da)要(yao)素之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi),五(wu)(wu)大(da)要(yao)素(疊山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)造(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),理(li)水(shui)(shui)造(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),建筑(zhu)造(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),花(hua)木造(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)造(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))。正(zheng)(zheng)如(ru)計成所 說:“余七(qi)分之(zhi)(zhi)地,為(wei)壘土者(zhe)(zhe)四,高卑無(wu)(wu)(wu)論(lun),栽竹相宜”(《園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)冶》卷一(yi)(yi))。 正(zheng)(zheng)是這些特性,才表達(da)出(chu)(chu)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)(wu)窮魅力。作為(wei)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)中(zhong)獨特一(yi)(yi)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing) ——山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),與(yu)水(shui)(shui)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)(yang)有著(zhu)它獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)(guan)賞價值。從我國現存的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)皇家園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)到(dao)私(si)(si)家園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin),無(wu)(wu)(wu)一(yi)(yi)例外(wai)(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)都有假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)堆(dui)筑(zhu),石質假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)和(he)土質假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)堆(dui)筑(zhu),以它特有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi) 表達(da)出(chu)(chu)來。在(zai)自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)式(shi)(shi)(shi)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)中(zhong)占據著(zhu)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地位。它造(zao)(zao)形(xing)多(duo)樣(yang)(yang),易于(yu)和(he)周圍景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)物(wu)(wu)(wu)協調(diao)統一(yi)(yi),同時它靈(ling)活,巧于(yu)變化,豐富了園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)觀(guan)(guan),增(zeng)加了園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)空(kong)間(jian)和(he)層次感(gan)。假(jia) 山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)堆(dui)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好壞直接影響著(zhu)全(quan)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)觀(guan)(guan)。假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)堆(dui)筑(zhu)與(yu)風(feng)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系是值得每個(ge)設(she)計者(zhe)(zhe)和(he)造(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)家耗費精力、氣(qi)力去追求(qiu)、探討的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)課題。
- 假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)具有(you)(you)多方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)造景(jing)功能,如構成(cheng)(cheng)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主景(jing)或地(di)形(xing)骨架,劃分(fen)和組織(zhi)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)空(kong)(kong)間,布置庭院(yuan)、駁(bo)岸、護坡、擋土(tu),設置自然(ran)式(shi)花臺(tai)。還可以(yi)(yi)與園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)建(jian) 筑(zhu)、園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)路(lu)、場地(di)和園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)植物組合成(cheng)(cheng)富于(yu)(yu)(yu)變(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)景(jing)致,借以(yi)(yi)減(jian)少人(ren)工氣氛,增(zeng)添自然(ran)生趣,使園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)建(jian)筑(zhu)融匯到(dao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)環境(jing)中。因此,假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)成(cheng)(cheng)為表(biao)(biao)現中國自然(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特征 之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。 中國園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)自然(ran)式(shi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin),追(zhui)求(qiu)天然(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)趣是(shi)中國園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本特征。在(zai)造園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中掇石(shi)疊山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)被列(lie)為造園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)(yi)要素。由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)私(si)家(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)空(kong)(kong)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)局限性,這(zhe)就(jiu)要求(qiu)造園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)者充分(fen)利(li)用空(kong)(kong)間造出(chu)咫尺(chi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意境(jing)。 水(shui)以(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)為面,水(shui)得(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)而(er)(er)(er)媚;山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)者,天地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)骨也。因而(er)(er)(er),造園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)必須有(you)(you)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),無(wu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)難(nan)以(yi)(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。自然(ran)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)往(wang)往(wang)選址(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)自然(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)佳境(jing),外借自然(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)成(cheng)(cheng)景(jing);私(si)家(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)往(wang)往(wang)建(jian)在(zai)村鎮(zhen)人(ren)口密集之(zhi)(zhi)處,無(wu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)可借 ,只得(de)掇石(shi)疊山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)。因而(er)(er)(er),私(si)家(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)往(wang)往(wang)在(zai)不太大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)間范(fan)圍(wei)內(nei),再現自然(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)美,有(you)(you)不落人(ren)工斧鑿痕跡(ji),達到(dao)“雖由(you)人(ren)作,宛自天開”,在(zai)咫尺(chi)之(zhi)(zhi)地(di),創造出(chu) “多方勝景(jing),咫尺(chi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)藝(yi)術(shu)。故山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)景(jing)是(shi)構成(cheng)(cheng)中國園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)五大(da)要素之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi),五大(da)要素(疊山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)造景(jing),理水(shui)造景(jing),建(jian)筑(zhu)造景(jing),花木(mu)造景(jing),動物造景(jing))。正如計成(cheng)(cheng)所 說:“余七分(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)地(di),為壘土(tu)者四,高卑無(wu)論,栽竹相宜”(《園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)冶》卷一(yi)(yi))。 正是(shi)這(zhe)些特性,才表(biao)(biao)達出(chu)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)中山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)景(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)窮魅力。作為園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)中獨(du)特一(yi)(yi)景(jing) ——山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)景(jing),與水(shui)景(jing)一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)有(you)(you)著它(ta)獨(du)特的(de)(de)(de)(de)觀賞價值。從(cong)我國現存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)皇家(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)到(dao)私(si)家(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin),無(wu)一(yi)(yi)例外的(de)(de)(de)(de)都有(you)(you)假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)堆(dui)(dui)筑(zhu),石(shi)質(zhi)假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)和土(tu)質(zhi)假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)堆(dui)(dui)筑(zhu),以(yi)(yi)它(ta)特有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)美的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式(shi) 表(biao)(biao)達出(chu)來(lai)。在(zai)自然(ran)式(shi)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)中占據著重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)位。它(ta)造形(xing)多樣(yang),易于(yu)(yu)(yu)和周圍(wei)景(jing)物協調統一(yi)(yi),同時它(ta)靈(ling)活,巧于(yu)(yu)(yu)變(bian)化(hua),豐富了園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)景(jing)觀,增(zeng)加了園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)空(kong)(kong)間和層次感。假(jia) 山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)堆(dui)(dui)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)好壞直(zhi)接影響(xiang)著全園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)景(jing)觀。假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)堆(dui)(dui)筑(zhu)與風(feng)景(jing)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關系是(shi)值得(de)每個設計者和造園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)家(jia)耗費精力、氣力去追(zhui)求(qiu)、探討的(de)(de)(de)(de)課題。
- 假(jia)(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)具(ju)有(you)多(duo)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)景(jing)功能,如(ru)構(gou)成(cheng)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)主景(jing)或地形骨架(jia),劃分(fen)和(he)組織園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian),布置庭(ting)院、駁(bo)岸(an)、護坡、擋土(tu)(tu),設(she)置自(zi)然(ran)式花(hua)臺。還可以(yi)與園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)建 筑(zhu)(zhu)、園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)路(lu)、場(chang)地和(he)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)植物組合成(cheng)富于(yu)變化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)景(jing)致,借以(yi)減少人(ren)工氣(qi)(qi)氛,增添自(zi)然(ran)生(sheng)趣(qu),使園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)建筑(zhu)(zhu)融匯到(dao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)環境中(zhong)。因此,假(jia)(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)表現(xian)中(zhong)國自(zi)然(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)特征 之一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。 中(zhong)國園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種自(zi)然(ran)式山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin),追求天然(ran)之趣(qu)是(shi)中(zhong)國園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)基本特征。在(zai)(zai)造(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)掇石(shi)疊(die)(die)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)被列為(wei)(wei)造(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)要(yao)(yao)素。由(you)于(yu)私(si)家(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)局限性(xing),這(zhe)就(jiu)要(yao)(yao)求造(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)者(zhe)充分(fen)利用空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)造(zao)出(chu)咫尺山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)意境。 水(shui)(shui)(shui)以(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)為(wei)(wei)面(mian),水(shui)(shui)(shui)得山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)而(er)媚;山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)者(zhe),天地之骨也。因而(er),造(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)必須(xu)有(you)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),無(wu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)難以(yi)成(cheng)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。自(zi)然(ran)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)往往選址于(yu)自(zi)然(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)佳境,外借自(zi)然(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)成(cheng)景(jing);私(si)家(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)往往建在(zai)(zai)村鎮人(ren)口密(mi)集之處,無(wu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)可借 ,只(zhi)得掇石(shi)疊(die)(die)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)。因而(er),私(si)家(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)往往在(zai)(zai)不(bu)太大的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)范(fan)圍(wei)內,再現(xian)自(zi)然(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)之美(mei),有(you)不(bu)落人(ren)工斧(fu)鑿痕跡,達(da)到(dao)“雖由(you)人(ren)作,宛自(zi)天開”,在(zai)(zai)咫尺之地,創造(zao)出(chu) “多(duo)方(fang)(fang)勝景(jing),咫尺山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)”的(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)藝術。故山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)景(jing)是(shi)構(gou)成(cheng)中(zhong)國園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)五大要(yao)(yao)素之一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),五大要(yao)(yao)素(疊(die)(die)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)造(zao)景(jing),理水(shui)(shui)(shui)造(zao)景(jing),建筑(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)景(jing),花(hua)木(mu)造(zao)景(jing),動物造(zao)景(jing))。正如(ru)計成(cheng)所 說:“余七分(fen)之地,為(wei)(wei)壘土(tu)(tu)者(zhe)四,高卑無(wu)論(lun),栽竹(zhu)相宜”(《園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)冶》卷一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi))。 正是(shi)這(zhe)些特性(xing),才表達(da)出(chu)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)景(jing)的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)窮魅(mei)力。作為(wei)(wei)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)中(zhong)獨特一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)景(jing) ——山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)景(jing),與水(shui)(shui)(shui)景(jing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)樣有(you)著它獨特的(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)(guan)賞價值。從我國現(xian)存的(de)(de)(de)皇家(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)到(dao)私(si)家(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin),無(wu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)例(li)外的(de)(de)(de)都有(you)假(jia)(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)堆筑(zhu)(zhu),石(shi)質假(jia)(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)和(he)土(tu)(tu)質假(jia)(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)堆筑(zhu)(zhu),以(yi)它特有(you)的(de)(de)(de)美(mei)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式 表達(da)出(chu)來(lai)。在(zai)(zai)自(zi)然(ran)式園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)中(zhong)占據著重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)地位。它造(zao)形多(duo)樣,易于(yu)和(he)周圍(wei)景(jing)物協調統一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),同(tong)時它靈活,巧于(yu)變化(hua),豐富了(le)(le)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)景(jing)觀(guan)(guan),增加了(le)(le)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)和(he)層次感(gan)。假(jia)(jia) 山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)堆筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)好壞(huai)直(zhi)接影響(xiang)著全(quan)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)景(jing)觀(guan)(guan)。假(jia)(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)堆筑(zhu)(zhu)與風(feng)景(jing)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)關系是(shi)值得每個設(she)計者(zhe)和(he)造(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)家(jia)耗費精力、氣(qi)(qi)力去追求、探討的(de)(de)(de)課題。